洪水及其对水源的健康影响

未来洪水的可能性增加，以及最近在新奥尔良，奥地利，捷克共和国，德国，匈牙利和俄罗斯联邦经历的最近活动提出了洪水如何影响人类健康问题的问题。除了洪水的“有形”的影响之外，诸如财产和基础设施的损害，越来越意识到“无形”效应，身体和心理的重要性，传统上被低估了评估洪水后果。

在发生方面，可以将健康效应分类为：在洪水期间或在洪水之后发生的那些;在洪水之后的日子或早期发展的那些;和长期效果，可能出现在以后和/或持续数月或年。所有这些类别都可以分为直接和间接的健康效果。

那么直接影响是什么？流流速;地形特征;没有警告;洪水迅速发作;深洪水;山体滑坡;危险的行为;快速流动的水携带巨石和倒下的树木;溺水; injuries; contact with water respiratory diseases; shock; hypothermia; cardiac arrest; contact with polluted water wound infections; dermatitis; conjunctivitis; gastrointestinal illnesses; ear, nose and throat infections; possible serious waterborne diseases; increase in physical and emotional stress; increased susceptibility to psychosocial disturbances and cardiovascular incidents.

间接效应也具有霸道的健康影响：供水系统损坏;污水处理和污水处理系统损坏;供应不足的饮用水;供水供应不足;可能的水性感染（进入致病大肠杆菌，志贺氏菌，甲型肝炎，腹腔镜，咯诊断，脉动杆菌病;皮炎;结膜炎;扰乱运输系统粮食短缺;扰乱紧急响应;地下管道的破坏; dislodgment of storage tanks; overflow of toxic waste sites; release of chemicals; disruption of petrol storage tanks, possibly leading to fire; Potential acute or chronic effects of chemical pollution; Standing water; heavy rainfall; expanded range of vector habitats; vector borne diseases; rodent migration; possible rodent-borne diseases disruption of social networks; loss of property; Clean-up activities following flooding Electrocution; injuries; lacerations; puncture wounds Destruction of primary food products Food shortages; damage to health services; disruption of "normal" health service activities; decrease in "normal" health care services; insufficient access to medical care.

来源：Menne，B.等。